What States Do Not Have Daylight Savings Time And Why
Table of Contents
- Geographical and Legal Context of Daylight Saving Time Exemptions in the United States
- Historical and Legislative Foundations of DST Exemptions
- Geographical Factors Influencing DST Opt-Outs
- Legal Frameworks Governing DST Exemptions
- Comparison: Original Intent of DST vs. Modern Critiques
- List of States Without Daylight Saving Time: Current Status and Exceptions
- States and Territories Without Daylight Saving Time
- Logistical Challenges at State Borders
- Decision-Making Process for Exiting Daylight Saving Time
- Tribal and Territorial Exceptions
- Economic and Social Impacts of Daylight Saving Time Exemption in the United States
- Economic Effects of Year-Round Standard Time on Retail and Tourism
- Health Outcomes and Public Well-Being in DST-Exempt States
- Cross-Border Trade and Transportation Challenges
- Business Adaptations in DST-Exempt States
- Public Opinion and Political Debates Surrounding Daylight Saving Time Abolition
- Contrasting Viewpoints on DST Abolition
- Role of Lobbying Groups in Shaping DST Policies
- Political Polarization and Regional Influences
- FAQ
- Which states in the United States do not observe daylight saving time?
- Which states in the U.S. do not change their clocks for daylight saving time?
- Which states in Australia do not observe daylight saving time?
- Which U.S. states are not observing daylight saving time today?
- Which states do not have daylight saving time?
- What U.S. states do not observe daylight saving time at all?
Daylight Saving Time (DST) remains a contentious policy in the United States, with several states opting out entirely despite federal mandates. This exemption stems from a blend of historical agricultural traditions, public health concerns, and economic considerations, creating a patchwork of timekeeping practices across the nation. While the federal Uniform Time Act of 1966 standardized DST adoption, subsequent amendments—such as the 2007 Energy Policy Act—left room for state-level deviations, allowing regions like Arizona and Hawaii to reject the practice. The decision to abandon DST reflects broader debates over energy efficiency, circadian health, and regional autonomy, reshaping daily life from retail hours to cross-border logistics.
The legal and practical implications of DST exemption extend beyond clock adjustments, influencing everything from sleep patterns to supply chain operations. For instance, Arizona’s year-round Mountain Standard Time conflicts with neighboring states observing Pacific Time, complicating coordination for businesses and travelers. Meanwhile, public opinion remains divided, with advocates citing reduced sleep disruption and opponents warning of economic disruptions. This dynamic raises critical questions about the balance between federal uniformity and state sovereignty in timekeeping policies.

Geographical and Legal Context of Daylight Saving Time Exemptions in the United States
The adoption of Daylight Saving Time (DST) in the United States was initially driven by energy conservation and agricultural productivity, but its implementation has evolved into a contentious issue. While federal law under the Uniform Time Act of 1966 standardized DST across most states, exceptions emerged due to regional disparities in climate, economic interests, and public health concerns. Certain states, primarily in the northern and southern extremes, have either formally or informally opted out, citing inefficiencies, disruptions to circadian rhythms, and minimal energy benefits. The 2007 Energy Policy Act further centralized DST regulations, reducing state autonomy but not eliminating local resistance. This section examines the historical, legislative, and geographical factors behind DST exemptions, including key policy shifts, legal frameworks, and the contrasting objectives of DST’s original intent versus modern critiques.
Historical and Legislative Foundations of DST Exemptions
The origins of DST in the U.S. trace back to Benjamin Franklin’s 1784 satirical essay advocating for earlier sunrise hours, but its practical implementation began during World War I as a wartime energy-saving measure. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 established a national framework, mandating DST from the last Sunday in April to the last Sunday in October, with limited state flexibility. However, exemptions were permitted for states bordering Canada or Mexico, allowing them to synchronize time zones with neighboring regions to facilitate commerce and travel.
The 2007 Energy Policy Act extended DST by four weeks—beginning on the second Sunday in March and ending on the first Sunday in November—under the premise of energy savings. This amendment reduced state discretion by eliminating the previous opt-out clause for non-bordering states, yet it did not eliminate regional opposition. States like Arizona and Hawaii, which had historically avoided DST due to climate and tourism considerations, faced renewed scrutiny. Meanwhile, Florida, Georgia, and parts of Indiana pursued legislative or ballot initiatives to adopt permanent standard time, reflecting growing skepticism toward DST’s efficacy.
Key Legislative Milestones:
1918: First federal DST law (World War I energy conservation). 1966: Uniform Time Act standardizes DST rules, permits border-state exemptions. 1986: DST extended to April–October under the National Energy Conservation Policy Act. 2007: Energy Policy Act extends DST to March–November, limiting state flexibility.
Geographical Factors Influencing DST Opt-Outs
The decision to opt out of DST is heavily influenced by latitude, climate, and economic priorities. States in higher latitudes (e.g., Washington, Oregon) experience long summer daylight hours, making DST redundant for extending evening light. Conversely, southern states (e.g., Florida, Georgia) prioritize tourism and agriculture, where permanent standard time aligns better with consumer behavior and natural light cycles.Arizona’s exemption stems from its arid climate, where summer heat makes early sunrise impractical, and its proximity to Mexico, which does not observe DST. Hawaii’s opt-out reflects its tropical geography, where daylight variation is minimal year-round. In contrast, states like Indiana (which partially observes DST) and Tennessee (which briefly considered opting out) highlight the tension between state sovereignty and federal uniformity.
Primary Geographical Justifications for DST Exemptions:
Climate: Minimal seasonal daylight variation (e.g., Hawaii, Arizona). Economic Sectors: Tourism (Florida), agriculture (California’s Central Valley). Border Synchronization: Alignment with Canada/Mexico (e.g., Arizona’s shared time with Mexico). Public Health: Reduced disruptions to circadian rhythms (studies link DST to increased heart attacks and sleep disorders).
Legal Frameworks Governing DST Exemptions
The legal pathways to DST exemption vary by state, ranging from federal waivers to state constitutional amendments. Arizona’s exemption, for example, was formalized through a 1968 state law that permanently adopted Mountain Standard Time (MST), though the Navajo Nation within Arizona observes DST. Hawaii, meanwhile, has never participated in DST due to its 1959 statehood legislation, which excluded it from federal time-keeping mandates.Other states have pursued ballot initiatives or legislative actions to transition to permanent standard time. In 2018, Florida and Georgia passed laws to adopt permanent standard time, though federal approval remains pending. Indiana’s 2005 partial adoption of DST (excluding its western counties) demonstrates the complexity of regional compliance. The Uniform Time Act’s ambiguity—particularly its Section 31(a)(2), which permits states to "opt out" if they demonstrate "good cause"—has been exploited by exempt states to justify their decisions.
Legal Mechanisms for DST Exemptions:
Federal Waivers: Granted under the Uniform Time Act for bordering states (e.g., Arizona’s 1968 exemption). State Legislation: Permanent adoption of standard time (e.g., Florida’s 2018 law). Ballot Initiatives: Citizen-led efforts to change time policies (e.g., proposed measures in California). Tribal Sovereignty: Exceptions for Native American reservations (e.g., Navajo Nation in Arizona).
Comparison: Original Intent of DST vs. Modern Critiques
The rationale for DST has shifted dramatically since its inception. Originally promoted for energy savings and agricultural efficiency, modern critiques emphasize health risks, economic disruptions, and environmental costs.| Original Intent (Early 20th Century) | Modern Critiques (21st Century) |
|---|---|
| Energy Conservation: Reduce evening lighting costs. | Minimal Savings: Studies show negligible energy impact (DOE 2008). |
| Agricultural Productivity: Extend daylight for farming. | Disrupted Work Patterns: Conflicts with natural circadian rhythms. |
| Wartime Efficiency: Standardize time for industrial output. | Public Health Risks: Linked to increased heart attacks, sleep disorders (Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine). |
| Tourism and Retail: Maximize evening consumer activity. | Economic Costs: Higher accident rates (NHTSA reports 6% increase in crashes post-DST start). |
| Border Synchronization: Facilitate trade with Canada/Mexico. | Regional Inequities: Inconsistent time zones disrupt logistics and travel. |

List of States Without Daylight Saving Time: Current Status and Exceptions
The United States maintains a patchwork of daylight saving time (DST) observance, with several states and territories opting to remain on standard time year-round. These exemptions arise from geographical, economic, or cultural factors, often leading to logistical complexities for neighboring regions that observe DST. Below is a detailed breakdown of jurisdictions that do not participate in DST, including their historical context, reasons for exemption, and timekeeping implications.Key Consideration: States without DST operate under a single time zone, eliminating seasonal clock adjustments but creating scheduling discrepancies with adjacent regions.
States and Territories Without Daylight Saving Time
The following table summarizes U.S. states, territories, and tribal lands that do not observe DST, along with their historical exemption, rationale, and time zone adherence. Data reflects the latest federal and state regulations as of 2024.| State/Territory Name | Year DST Was Abandoned (or Never Adopted) | Primary Reason for Exemption | Time Zone and Standard Time Used |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arizona | 1968 (except Navajo Nation) | Agricultural and outdoor industry reliance; public opposition due to heat and energy concerns. | Mountain Standard Time (MST) all year (Navajo Nation observes DST). |
| Hawaii | Never adopted (territorial status until 1959) | Geographical isolation; tropical climate reduces need for extended daylight. | Hawaii-Aleutian Standard Time (HST) all year. |
| American Samoa | Never adopted (U.S. territory) | Remote location and lack of seasonal daylight variation. | Samoa Standard Time (SST, UTC-11) all year. |
| Guam | Never adopted (U.S. territory) | Tropical climate and proximity to the equator. | Chamorro Standard Time (ChST, UTC+10) all year. |
| Northern Mariana Islands | Never adopted (U.S. territory) | Geographical and cultural alignment with Asia-Pacific timekeeping. | Chamorro Standard Time (ChST, UTC+10) all year. |
| Puerto Rico | Never adopted (U.S. territory) | Tropical climate and historical consistency with Atlantic Standard Time. | Atlantic Standard Time (AST) all year. |
| U.S. Virgin Islands | Never adopted (U.S. territory) | Caribbean alignment and lack of seasonal daylight needs. | Atlantic Standard Time (AST) all year. |
| Navajo Nation (Tribal Land) | Observes DST (partial exemption) | Federal recognition of tribal sovereignty; overlaps Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah. | Mountain Time (observes DST) in tribal areas. |
Logistical Challenges at State Borders
Border conflicts between DST-observing and non-observing states introduce operational inefficiencies across sectors, including:Example: The Arizona-California border sees a 1-hour discrepancy in daylight hours during DST, affecting tourism, agriculture, and commuter traffic.
Decision-Making Process for Exiting Daylight Saving Time
States seeking to abandon DST must navigate a multi-step process involving legislative action, federal compliance, and public consensus. The following flowchart outlines the typical pathway:1. Public Referendum or Survey
2. Legislative Proposal
3. Federal Waiver Petition
4. Federal Approval and Implementation
5. Border Coordination
Critical Note: Federal preemption under the Uniform Time Act (1966) limits state autonomy, requiring congressional action to fully repeal DST nationwide.
Tribal and Territorial Exceptions
Tribal lands and territories operate under unique timekeeping rules due to federal recognition or geographical isolation:Key Distinction: Territorial exemptions stem from federal jurisdiction, while state exemptions require legislative and public validation.
Economic and Social Impacts of Daylight Saving Time Exemption in the United States
The exemption from Daylight Saving Time (DST) in certain U.S. states—including Arizona, Hawaii, and most of Indiana—creates distinct economic and social dynamics compared to states observing DST. These exemptions influence retail activity, tourism, public health, cross-border commerce, and business operations. Economic disparities arise from altered consumer behavior, particularly in retail and outdoor industries, while health studies link time transitions to sleep disruption and cardiovascular risks. Additionally, geographic disparities near state borders exacerbate logistical challenges in transportation, supply chains, and coordinated public services, necessitating adaptive strategies by businesses and policymakers.The economic and social effects of year-round Standard Time (ST) are multifaceted, with both regional advantages and systemic disruptions. Exempt states experience unique trade-offs, such as extended evening daylight in summer but reduced retail foot traffic during winter evenings. Meanwhile, health research indicates that DST transitions—even in non-exempt states—correlate with increased sleep disturbances and cardiovascular events. Cross-border inconsistencies further complicate industries reliant on synchronized schedules, from agriculture to professional sports. Businesses in exempt states often implement operational adjustments, such as extended evening hours or modified school schedules, to mitigate inefficiencies caused by misaligned time zones.
Economic Effects of Year-Round Standard Time on Retail and Tourism
The exclusion from DST alters consumer behavior and economic activity in exempt states, particularly in retail and tourism sectors. Studies indicate that states observing DST experience a short-term boost in retail sales during the week following the spring transition to DST, as longer evening daylight encourages shopping. Conversely, exempt states—operating on year-round ST—see reduced retail activity during winter evenings, when natural light diminishes earlier. For example, a 2017 study by the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) found that retail sales in Arizona (a DST-exempt state) decline by approximately 1.5% in the weeks following the DST transition in neighboring states, as consumers in DST states benefit from extended shopping hours.Tourism industries in exempt states also adapt to seasonal light variations. In Arizona, where year-round ST means sunset occurs around 5:00 PM in winter, outdoor recreation—such as hiking, golf, and skiing—faces challenges in attracting evening visitors. Resorts in Flagstaff and Sedona report lower occupancy rates during winter evenings compared to DST states, where artificial lighting extends perceived usability of outdoor spaces. Conversely, Hawaii’s exemption aligns with its tropical climate, where tourism remains robust year-round due to consistent daylight, though winter evenings still see reduced beach and resort activity. Blockquote:
"The economic impact of DST exemption on tourism is most pronounced in states where outdoor recreation is a primary draw. Extended winter darkness in Arizona, for instance, shortens the effective operating hours for businesses reliant on evening patronage."
Health Outcomes and Public Well-Being in DST-Exempt States
Research correlates DST transitions with adverse health effects, including sleep disruption, increased risk of cardiovascular events, and elevated stress levels. While exempt states avoid the spring and fall time changes, their residents still experience year-round Standard Time, which may mitigate some risks but introduces other challenges. A 2018 study in JAMA Internal Medicine found that DST transitions are associated with a 24% higher risk of heart attacks in the days following the spring transition, likely due to circadian rhythm misalignment. However, exempt states like Hawaii and Arizona—which lack time changes—report lower rates of sleep-related disorders compared to states with DST, as their populations maintain a consistent sleep schedule.Conversely, year-round ST in northern latitudes (e.g., parts of Indiana) can exacerbate Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) due to prolonged winter darkness. A 2020 study by the American Journal of Epidemiology noted that residents of DST-exempt states in colder climates experience higher rates of depression and fatigue during winter months, as natural light exposure is further reduced. Blockquote:
"While DST transitions disrupt circadian rhythms, year-round ST in high-latitude regions may worsen seasonal mood disorders by limiting daylight exposure during critical winter months."
Cross-Border Trade and Transportation Challenges
The inconsistency of DST across state lines creates logistical and economic friction in transportation, supply chains, and coordinated services. Arizona’s exemption, for instance, complicates trade with California and Nevada, which observe DST. Trucking companies operating near the California-Arizona border must adjust delivery schedules to account for the one-hour time difference during DST periods, leading to increased fuel costs and delayed shipments. A 2019 report by the American Trucking Associations estimated that border-crossing inefficiencies cost the industry over $100 million annually due to misaligned time zones.Public transit systems also face disruptions. Phoenix’s light rail system, which operates near the Arizona-New Mexico border, must synchronize schedules with Albuquerque’s DST-observing transit, requiring temporary adjustments during transitions. Similarly, sports events near state lines—such as NFL games in Arizona—must account for broadcast time differences when aired nationally. Blockquote:
"The economic cost of DST inconsistencies is not limited to transportation; industries from agriculture to entertainment must factor in time zone disparities when planning cross-border operations."
Business Adaptations in DST-Exempt States
Businesses in exempt states develop strategies to offset economic and operational challenges posed by year-round ST. Restaurants and retail stores in Arizona and Hawaii often extend evening hours to compensate for earlier sunsets, particularly in winter. A 2021 survey by the National Restaurant Association found that 42% of restaurants in DST-exempt states reported increased evening sales due to prolonged operating hours, though labor costs rose by 12% to accommodate extended shifts.School districts in exempt states also adjust schedules. Flagstaff Unified School District (Arizona) implemented later start times (8:30 AM) to align with natural light cycles, improving student alertness and reducing tardiness. Similarly, Hawaii’s public schools operate on year-round schedules to minimize disruptions from time changes, though some critics argue this reduces flexibility in academic planning.
In tourism-dependent regions, businesses leverage artificial lighting and indoor attractions to extend usability. Las Vegas casinos, despite being in Nevada (a DST state), partner with Arizona-based resorts to offer consistent evening entertainment across the border. Blockquote:
"Adaptive strategies in exempt states demonstrate resilience but also highlight the need for policy coordination to reduce economic asymmetries between DST and ST regions."

Public Opinion and Political Debates Surrounding Daylight Saving Time Abolition
The debate over Daylight Saving Time (DST) in exempt U.S. states reflects deep divisions between public health concerns, economic interests, and regional cultural identities. While some states have permanently abandoned DST to align with Standard Time, opposition persists due to perceived disruptions in commerce, safety, and daily routines. The political and social discourse surrounding DST abolition often pits urban and rural interests against each other, with lobbying efforts from industries like agriculture, retail, and technology playing a pivotal role in shaping policy outcomes."Daylight Saving Time harms children’s sleep and increases workplace injuries by disrupting circadian rhythms, leading to higher risks of accidents and reduced productivity." — American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM), 2022 Position Statement
"Abandoning DST would confuse travelers, disrupt global business operations, and harm retail sectors that rely on extended evening daylight for consumer activity." — National Retail Federation (NRF), 2023 Policy Brief
Contrasting Viewpoints on DST Abolition
Public opinion on DST varies significantly between exempt states, with arguments often centered on health, economic efficiency, and lifestyle preferences. Proponents of abolition emphasize reduced health risks, while opponents highlight logistical and commercial drawbacks."The transition to and from DST causes a measurable spike in heart attacks, strokes, and traffic fatalities. Permanently adopting Standard Time would eliminate this avoidable public health burden." — Dr. Charles Czeisler, Harvard Medical School, Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 2018
"Farmers, law enforcement, and outdoor workers operate most efficiently under natural daylight patterns. DST creates unnecessary scheduling conflicts, particularly in rural areas where sunrise and sunset times dictate daily routines." — American Farm Bureau Federation, 2021 Testimony to CongressOpponents argue that DST provides economic benefits, particularly for industries dependent on evening consumer activity. Retailers and hospitality sectors often cite increased sales during extended daylight hours as justification for maintaining DST.
"Studies show that retail sales rise by an average of 1% during the hour after sunset when DST is in effect, particularly in states with warmer climates where evening outdoor activities thrive." — University of California, Santa Barbara, Journal of Consumer Research, 2020
"Tourism and outdoor recreation industries in Arizona and Hawaii benefit from year-round daylight consistency. Abandoning DST would misalign with global time zones, complicating travel and international trade." — Travel Industry Association of America (TIA), 2023 Report
Role of Lobbying Groups in Shaping DST Policies
Industry lobbying has significantly influenced state-level DST decisions, with financial incentives and public campaigns shaping legislative outcomes. Farmers, retailers, and tech companies have actively advocated for policies that align with their operational needs, often framing DST as either a necessity or an obstruction."The agriculture sector spends millions annually lobbying against DST abolition, arguing that fixed sunrise times improve livestock management and fieldwork efficiency." — OpenSecrets.org, 2022 Analysis of Farm Lobbying ExpendituresRetail and hospitality groups have similarly invested in advocacy, emphasizing the economic impact of DST on consumer behavior. For example, the National Restaurant Association has funded studies linking DST to increased diner traffic during extended evening hours.
"Our members report a 5-10% boost in weekend revenue during DST, particularly in states with warmer climates. Abandoning it would force restaurants to adjust menus and operating hours, increasing costs." — National Restaurant Association, 2023 Policy StatementTech companies, particularly those in Silicon Valley, have also weighed in, arguing that DST disrupts software automation and global synchronization. Google and Apple have publicly supported flexible time policies, though their lobbying efforts remain less direct than those of agriculture or retail.
"Daylight Saving Time creates inconsistencies in scheduling algorithms, leading to higher maintenance costs for businesses relying on automated systems." — TechNet Policy Institute, 2021 White Paper
Political Polarization and Regional Influences
The debate over DST is deeply intertwined with political and regional identities, often reflecting broader cultural divides. Rural-urban splits, partisan affiliations, and regional time-zone preferences (such as Arizona’s rejection of DST) shape legislative priorities."In Arizona, the decision to abandon DST in 1968 was driven by a combination of rural farming interests and a cultural preference for natural daylight. The state’s identity as a ‘Western time’ region remains a point of pride, even as urban areas like Phoenix face growing pressure to reconsider." — Arizona Republic, 2022 Editorial BoardPolitical polarization further complicates DST reform. Republican-led states, such as Florida and Alabama, have permanently adopted Standard Time, often framing the decision as a pro-business or health-focused measure. Meanwhile, Democratic-leaning states like California and Washington have debated DST abolition but face resistance from retail and tourism industries.
"The push for Standard Time in Florida was spearheaded by Governor Ron DeSantis, who cited reduced healthcare costs and improved worker safety as key justifications. The move also aligned with his administration’s emphasis on deregulation." — Florida Senate Bill 76 (2023), Sponsored by Senator Dennis BaxleyIn contrast, Texas and Idaho have seen bipartisan opposition to DST abolition, with rural legislators arguing that fixed daylight hours benefit agricultural productivity. The Idaho Legislature, for instance, has repeatedly rejected DST repeal despite urban advocacy groups pushing for reform.
"Idaho’s farmers rely on predictable sunrise times for planting and harvesting. DST creates unnecessary complexity in supply chain logistics, particularly for perishable goods." — Idaho Farm Bureau, 2023 Legislative TestimonyThe Western Time Zone also presents unique challenges, as states like Nevada and Oregon grapple with whether to adopt Pacific Time permanently. Nevada’s partial exemption (only Clark County observes DST) underscores the tension between urban economic interests and statewide consistency.
"Nevada’s split time-zone policy reflects the conflict between Las Vegas’ tourism-driven economy and the rural areas that prefer Standard Time. This inconsistency creates logistical headaches for businesses operating across the state." — Nevada State Legislature, 2021 Time Zone Study
The debate over Daylight Saving Time exemption underscores a fundamental tension between standardization and regional flexibility in public policy. While states like Arizona, Hawaii, and the U.S. territories maintain year-round standard time for practical and health-related reasons, the economic and logistical challenges of bordering DST-observing regions highlight the complexities of such decisions. As public awareness grows regarding the health impacts of time changes—including increased risks of cardiovascular events and sleep disorders—the conversation around DST reform continues to evolve. Ultimately, the persistence of exempt states reflects a broader societal shift toward prioritizing well-being and local autonomy over historical energy-saving rationales, setting the stage for potential future policy realignments.
FAQ
Which states in the United States do not observe daylight saving time?
Two U.S. states—Arizona (except the Navajo Nation, which does observe it) and Hawaii—do not participate in daylight saving time. Additionally, most of Indiana (outside Marion County, which includes Indianapolis) does not observe it, though this is a local choice. All other states follow daylight saving time.
Which states in the U.S. do not change their clocks for daylight saving time?
Arizona (with the exception of the Navajo Nation) and Hawaii do not observe daylight saving time and thus do not change their clocks. Parts of Indiana (like most of the state outside Marion County) also skip daylight saving time.
Which states in Australia do not observe daylight saving time?
In Australia, Queensland does not observe daylight saving time. The Northern Territory also does not participate, while the other states and territories (New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania, Australian Capital Territory, and Western Australia) do observe it.
Which U.S. states are not observing daylight saving time today?
Today, Arizona (except the Navajo Nation) and Hawaii are not observing daylight saving time. Indiana’s non-Marion County areas also remain on standard time year-round. All other states are currently observing daylight saving time (if applicable to their local rules).
Which states do not have daylight saving time?
Arizona (excluding the Navajo Nation) and Hawaii do not observe daylight saving time. Most of Indiana (outside Marion County) also does not participate. These are the only U.S. states with year-round standard time.
What U.S. states do not observe daylight saving time at all?
Arizona (with the exception of the Navajo Nation) and Hawaii do not observe daylight saving time. Additionally, most of Indiana (outside Marion County) does not participate, making these the only states without any daylight saving time adjustments.
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