| European Union (Average; varies by country) |
30 km/h (19 mph); common in Germany, France, Netherlands; 20 km/h (12 mph) in Sweden, Norway |
- Active during school hours (e.g., 7:30 AM–4:00 PM, Monday–Friday).
- Germany and Austria enforce stricter limits (30 km/h) year-round in school zones.
- Scandinavian countries (e.g., Sweden) mandate 20 km/h zones within 50 meters of schools.
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- Permanent circular signs with red border (e.g., "30" in Germany).
- Flashing signs for temporary reductions (e.g., "SCHO
Enforcement Methods and Technology in School Zone Speed Limits
School zone speed limits are enforced through a combination of traditional and advanced technologies designed to deter speeding while balancing public safety with operational efficiency. Modern enforcement strategies integrate automated systems, human patrols, and data-driven interventions to maximize compliance and minimize risks. The effectiveness of these methods varies by region, with jurisdictions adopting tailored approaches based on local traffic patterns, budget constraints, and legal frameworks. Below, the primary enforcement techniques—including their operational mechanics, calibration standards, and ethical considerations—are examined alongside a procedural breakdown of speeding ticket issuance and a comparative analysis of method effectiveness.
Primary Enforcement Technologies and Their Applications
School zones employ a mix of fixed, mobile, and adaptive enforcement tools to monitor and regulate vehicle speeds. These technologies are selected based on their ability to provide real-time data, deter repeat offenders, and integrate with broader traffic management systems.Speed Cameras
Fixed speed cameras are permanently installed at high-risk locations within school zones, capturing images or video footage of vehicles exceeding the posted limit. Mobile speed cameras, operated by law enforcement or contracted agencies, are deployed during peak hours (e.g., school drop-off/pick-up times) and can be repositioned based on traffic analysis. Average speed cameras, less common in school zones but used in some regions, measure speed over a distance rather than at a single point, reducing the likelihood of false positives for brief speed fluctuations. Police Patrols
Traditional police patrols remain a cornerstone of school zone enforcement, combining visibility with discretion. Officers may conduct random checks using handheld radar guns or LiDAR devices, or trigger interventions based on sensor alerts from embedded road infrastructure (e.g., inductive loops or magnetic sensors). Triggered patrols are particularly effective in reducing speeding during critical periods, as officers respond to real-time data indicating violations. Automated License Plate Readers (ALPRs) for Repeat Offenders
ALPR systems, typically deployed at school zone entry/exit points, scan license plates and cross-reference them against databases of repeat speeding offenders. When a match is detected, alerts are sent to law enforcement for follow-up action, such as mailed citations or targeted patrols. This method is controversial due to privacy concerns but is highly effective in reducing recidivism among habitual violators.
Calibration and Accuracy Standards for Speed Detection Devices
The reliability of speed enforcement tools hinges on precise calibration and adherence to industry standards. Radar guns and LiDAR systems must undergo regular maintenance to ensure measurements align with legal thresholds, typically within a ±1–2 mph (0.4–0.8 km/h) margin of error for most jurisdictions. Below are key calibration protocols:- Radar Guns: Must be calibrated annually by certified technicians, with adjustments made for environmental factors (e.g., temperature, humidity). Many jurisdictions require a 3% accuracy tolerance for radar readings.
- LiDAR: Offers higher precision (±0.1 mph) by measuring the time delay of laser pulses. Calibration involves verifying laser wavelength stability and detector alignment.
- Speed Cameras: Camera systems must comply with ANSI/SAE J2945 standards, ensuring timestamp accuracy (±0.02 seconds) and speed measurement precision (±1 mph for speeds ≤ 30 mph, ±3% for higher speeds).
Blockquote: Legal and Technical Requirements
> "All speed detection devices used in school zones must be calibrated to ensure measurements are admissible in court. Jurisdictions such as California (Vehicle Code § 21115) and the UK (Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984) mandate third-party certification for automated enforcement systems, with penalties for non-compliance."
Ethical Debates Surrounding Automated Enforcement
The proliferation of automated speed enforcement in school zones has sparked ethical debates centered on privacy, equity, and proportionality. Below are key arguments:- Privacy vs. Safety: ALPRs and speed cameras raise concerns about mass surveillance, particularly when data is retained indefinitely. Critics argue that automated systems lack the judgment of human officers, leading to disproportionate enforcement in low-income or minority neighborhoods.
- False Positives: Automated systems may misidentify violations due to calibration errors, environmental interference (e.g., rain, dust), or vehicle modifications (e.g., low-profile tires affecting speedometer readings).
- Equity in Enforcement: Studies in cities like Chicago and London have shown that automated tickets disproportionately target drivers of color, raising questions about algorithmic bias in trigger thresholds.
- Public Trust: Over-reliance on fines without educational campaigns may erode community trust, particularly if enforcement is perceived as revenue-generating rather than safety-focused.
Blockquote: Counterarguments
> "Proponents argue that automated enforcement reduces officer exposure to roadside risks and ensures consistent application of speed limits. Pilot programs in Sweden and Australia have demonstrated up to a 40% reduction in school zone speeding within six months of implementation, suggesting net safety benefits."
Procedure for Issuing a Speeding Ticket in a School Zone
The process of issuing a speeding citation in a school zone follows a standardized sequence, from detection to legal resolution. Below is a step-by-step breakdown:1. Detection
- Automated Systems: A speed camera or ALPR captures the violation, recording vehicle details (make, model, license plate), timestamp, and speed.
- Police Patrols: An officer uses a calibrated radar gun or LiDAR to measure speed, noting the violation in a patrol log.
2. Identification and Notification
- Automated Tickets: The system generates a notice (mailed or electronic) with the alleged violation, including a deadline for contesting the fine (typically 14–30 days).
- Officer-Issued Tickets: The driver is pulled over, provided with a citation, and may be given a temporary license suspension if the offense meets severe thresholds (e.g., exceeding the limit by ≥20 mph).
3. Evidence Review
- For automated violations, drivers may request a review of camera footage or calibration records. Courts often require proof of device accuracy before imposing penalties.
4. Legal Response
- Plea: The driver may plead guilty (paying the fine or attending traffic school) or contest the citation in court.
- Contest: If contested, the case proceeds to a hearing where the prosecution must prove the violation beyond reasonable doubt (e.g., via radar calibration logs or officer testimony).
5. Resolution
- Guilty Verdict: Fines range from $50–$500+, depending on jurisdiction and prior offenses. Points may be added to the driver’s license.
- Not Guilty: The citation is dismissed, though some regions allow for a reduced fine if the driver admits to a lesser charge (e.g., "no contest").
Comparative Effectiveness of Enforcement Methods
The impact of enforcement methods varies by metric, including speed reduction rates, public compliance, and cost efficiency. Below is a comparative table based on studies from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and UK Department for Transport:
| Enforcement Method | Speed Reduction (%) | Compliance Rate | Cost per Violation | Key Advantages | Limitations |
|---|
| Fixed Speed Cameras | 30–50% | 85–95% | $150–$300 | High deterrence, 24/7 operation | High upfront cost, public perception issues |
| Mobile Speed Cameras | 25–45% | 80–90% | $200–$400 | Flexible deployment, high visibility | Labor-intensive, weather-dependent |
| Police Patrols | 20–40% | 75–85% | $500–$1,000 | Human judgment, immediate intervention | Resource-heavy, inconsistent coverage |
| ALPRs for Repeat Offenders | 15–35% (recidivism) | 70–80% | $100–$250 | Targets habitual violators | Privacy concerns, limited to known offenders |
| Average Speed Cameras | 20–35% | 70–80% | $250–$500 | Reduces false positives | Rare in school zones, complex installation |
Notes:
- Speed Reduction (%): Average decrease in mean speed within 6–12 months of implementation.
- Compliance Rate: Percentage of drivers adhering to the speed limit post-enforcement.
- Cost per Violation: Includes equipment, labor, and administrative expenses.
- ALPRs show lower overall speed reduction but are cost-effective for reducing repeat offenses.
Blockquote: Best Practices
> *"Jurisdictions with the highest compliance rates (e.g., Singapore, Stockholm) combine automated enforcement with public awareness campaigns, school zone ambassadors, and
Safety Measures Beyond Speed Limits in School Zones
School zones rely on more than just reduced speed limits to ensure child safety. While speed restrictions are critical, complementary measures—such as infrastructure design, traffic management, and enforcement technologies—create layered protections that significantly reduce pedestrian and vehicle conflicts. These measures address human behavior, visibility, and environmental factors, making school zones inherently safer. Research from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) indicates that well-designed school zones can reduce pedestrian fatalities by up to 40% when combined with speed limits and additional safety features. Below, key non-speed-related interventions are examined, including crosswalk enhancements, traffic calming, school transportation protocols, and comparative global approaches.
Crosswalk Design Innovations for Pedestrian Safety
Effective crosswalk designs prioritize visibility, predictability, and physical separation between pedestrians and vehicles. Traditional zebra crossings, while widely recognized, often fail to slow drivers or provide adequate protection. Modern solutions incorporate raised medians, pedestrian islands, and curb extensions to create physical barriers that force drivers to decelerate and increase pedestrian crossing time. Key design elements include:
- Raised crosswalks: Elevated surfaces (typically 2–4 inches higher than the road) force drivers to slow down, as vehicles cannot traverse them without significant effort. Studies in Seattle found that raised crosswalks reduced pedestrian-vehicle collisions by 30% in high-traffic areas.
- Pedestrian refuge islands: Central islands in wide crosswalks allow pedestrians to pause mid-crossing, reducing exposure time to oncoming traffic. Cities like Boston implemented these in areas with high school enrollment, reporting a 25% decrease in near-misses within two years.
- Curb extensions (bulb-outs): Extending sidewalks into the roadway shortens crossing distances and improves visibility for drivers. Chicago’s “Chicago Crossings” program demonstrated that bulb-outs reduced pedestrian injuries by 20% in targeted school zones.
- High-visibility markings: Reflective or thermochromic paint (which changes color with temperature) enhances crosswalk visibility during low-light conditions. The City of Portland uses glow-in-the-dark paint, which studies show increases driver awareness by 40% during dawn/dusk.
"The most effective crosswalk designs combine physical barriers with high-visibility elements, ensuring drivers anticipate pedestrian movement while reducing crossing distances for children."
— Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Pedestrian Safety Guide
Traffic calming measures alter road geometry or introduce physical obstacles to discourage high speeds without relying solely on enforcement. These tools are particularly effective in school zones where speed limits alone fail to deter reckless driving. Research from the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) shows that combinations of traffic calming features can reduce average speeds by 15–30% and pedestrian crashes by up to 50%.Critical traffic calming interventions include:
- Speed humps and cushions: Raised sections (typically 3–4 inches) force vehicles to slow down. Speed cushions (flexible rubber humps) are preferred in school zones due to their lower impact on emergency vehicles. A 2018 study in Australia found that speed humps reduced speeds by 22% and injuries by 28%.
- Chicanes (curved narrowings): Forced lateral shifts in the roadway create a "S-curve" effect, compelling drivers to reduce speed. Denver’s implementation of chicanes near schools resulted in a 35% reduction in speeding violations.
- Narrowed lanes: Reducing lane widths (e.g., from 12 to 10 feet) forces drivers to focus on steering, indirectly lowering speeds. London’s “20’s Plenty” campaign combined lane narrowing with speed limits, achieving a 10% speed reduction in residential areas.
- Roundabouts and one-way systems: Roundabouts eliminate stop signs and reduce conflict points, while one-way streets simplify vehicle flow. Netherlands-based studies show that school-adjacent roundabouts reduce pedestrian crashes by 60% compared to traditional intersections.
"Traffic calming is most effective when applied consistently across a network, rather than as isolated interventions. Fragmented measures often lead to speeding in untreated sections."
— World Health Organization (WHO) Global Status Report on Road Safety
School Transportation Protocols and Bus Zone Safety Enhancements
School buses transport millions of children daily, yet stop-arm violations remain a persistent danger. Advanced protocols and enforcement technologies have significantly improved safety in bus zones. The U.S. National Center for Statistics and Analysis (NCSA) reports that school bus-related fatalities dropped by 40% from 2004 to 2019, partly due to stricter enforcement and design changes.Key safety measures include:
- Bus stop arm cameras: Automated enforcement systems (e.g., Redflex’s Bus Stop Enforcement System) capture license plates of vehicles passing stopped buses. Texas implemented these in 2017, resulting in a 50% reduction in stop-arm violations within six months.
- Student safety zones: Designated areas (typically 10 feet in radius) around bus stops where vehicles must stop, even without flashing lights. Florida’s “Stop for School Buses” law mandates these zones, reducing child injuries by 33% in high-risk areas.
- Bus arrival/dismissal timing optimization: Coordinating bus schedules to avoid peak traffic congestion reduces delays and the need for children to cross high-speed roads. Seattle’s “Safe Routes to School” program adjusted bus routes, cutting pedestrian exposure by 22%.
- Bus stop location analysis: Placing stops away from high-speed roads and intersections minimizes crossing distances. Sweden’s “School Zone 30” policy requires bus stops to be at least 200 meters from major highways, reducing bus-related incidents by 45%.
"The most vulnerable moment for children is when they exit the bus and cross the road. Eliminating high-speed conflicts through infrastructure and enforcement is critical."
— National Association of State Directors of Pupil Transportation Services (NASDPTS)
Visual Layout of an Ideal School Zone: Infrastructure and Flow Design
An optimally designed school zone integrates vehicle flow management, pedestrian priority, and traffic calming into a cohesive system. Below is a text-based visualization of an ideal layout, incorporating global best practices:1. Perimeter and Access Control
- Curb extensions and bulb-outs at all corners to shorten crossing distances.
- Bollards or planters at driveways to block illegal U-turns and encroachments.
- One-way streets on approach roads to simplify traffic flow and reduce left-turn conflicts.
2. Crosswalk and Pedestrian Priority Zones
- Two-stage crosswalks with refuge islands for mid-block crossings (e.g., Tokyo’s “Pedestrian Heaven” zones).
- Countdown signals with extended crossing times (minimum 45 seconds) for children.
- Thermochromic or solar-powered crosswalk markings for nighttime visibility.
- Dedicated pedestrian phases at signals, enforced via AI traffic cameras (e.g., Singapore’s “Green Link” system).
3. Traffic Calming and Speed Reduction
- Speed humps with flexible rubber inserts (to allow emergency vehicle passage) spaced every 150 feet.
- Chicanes at major intersections to force speed reduction before entering the zone.
- Narrowed lanes (10–11 feet wide) with textured pavement to increase driver awareness.
- Vertical deflections (e.g., Belgium’s “speed tables”) that force vehicles to slow down without abrupt stops.
4. School Bus and Drop-Off/Pick-Up Areas
- Designated bus lanes with pre-signaled stops to prevent gridlock.
- Covered waiting areas with real-time bus arrival displays (e.g., Barcelona’s “Busàvia” system).
- No-parking zones within 20 feet of bus stops, enforced via GPS-based parking violations.
- Speed cameras triggered when buses are loading/unloading.
5. Landscaping and Environmental Cues
- Tree-lined medians to narrow effective road width and add visual barriers.
- Artistic speed bumps (e.g., Denver’s “Speed Humps with Murals”) to engage community buy-in.
- Reflective road signs with child silhouettes to emphasize pedestrian presence.
- Underground utilities with visible markings to prevent dig-up hazards near crosswalks.
Text-Based Diagram Representation: +-----------------------------------------------------+
| SCHOOL ZONE ENTRANCE |
| [Speed Limit: 20 km/h (12 mph)] |
|
Public Awareness and Community Engagement in School Zone Speed Limit Compliance
Effective public awareness and community engagement are critical components of reducing speeding in school zones. Research indicates that drivers are more likely to adhere to speed limits when they perceive strong community support and receive clear, impactful messaging. Strategies combining educational initiatives, media amplification, and participatory programs create a multi-layered approach that fosters behavioral change. Successful campaigns often leverage emotional triggers, peer influence, and real-time feedback to reinforce compliance.
School-Based Educational Programs
Schools serve as natural hubs for disseminating safety messages directly to students, parents, and the broader community. Programs designed to educate children about the dangers of speeding and the importance of school zone regulations often extend beyond the classroom, engaging families and local stakeholders. Student-led initiatives, in particular, amplify credibility by positioning young advocates as messengers of safety.Key Strategies:
- Assemblies and Workshops: Age-appropriate presentations by traffic safety officers, law enforcement, or local organizations (e.g., AAA or Mothers Against Drunk Driving) use visual aids, simulations, and interactive discussions. For example, the National Safety Council’s "Speed Awareness Week" in the U.S. partners with schools to host assemblies featuring survivor testimonies from speeding-related accidents.
- Student-Led Campaigns: Programs like "Operation Safe Driver" in Canada empower students to create posters, social media campaigns, or peer-to-peer reminders. Schools in Victoria, Australia, have implemented "Speedo the Turtle" campaigns, where students distribute stickers and organize walks to highlight slow zones.
- Parent-Teacher Partnerships: Initiatives such as "School Zone Safety Pacts" in the UK encourage parents to sign agreements promising to adhere to speed limits, with schools distributing these during drop-off events. Data from Transport for London shows a 15% reduction in speeding incidents in zones where parent-led monitoring was introduced.
Impact Metrics:
- Reduction in Speeding Tickets: Schools in Seattle, USA, reported a 22% drop in citations after implementing student-led awareness weeks.
- Behavioral Compliance: Surveys in Toronto, Canada, revealed a 30% increase in drivers acknowledging school zone signs post-campaign, compared to a control group.
Public Service Announcements with High-Impact Messaging
Public service announcements (PSAs) leverage shock value, storytelling, and emotional resonance to disrupt complacency around speeding. Dramatized reenactments, survivor narratives, and data-driven visualizations create lasting impressions. The most effective PSAs combine real-world consequences with clear calls to action, such as pledging to slow down or reporting unsafe drivers.Creative Tactics:
- Dramatized Accident Reenactments: The Australian Road Safety Foundation produced a PSA featuring a slow-motion crash of a car hitting a school crossing, followed by a child’s voiceover: "That’s the sound of a life changed forever." This campaign led to a 12% increase in reported compliance in targeted areas.
- Survivor Testimonies: In New Zealand, the "Speed Kills" campaign featured parents and teachers sharing stories of near-misses, paired with before-and-after footage of school zones. A follow-up survey indicated 45% of viewers reported altering their driving behavior.
- Data Visualizations: The UK’s "Think!" campaign used animated dashcam footage to show how quickly a car travels at 30 mph (20 mph limit) versus 20 mph, with a 3-second rule (distance covered in that time). This tactic correlated with a 20% reduction in speeding in pilot regions.
Regional Examples: | Region | Campaign Name | Shock Value Technique | Compliance Increase | Source |
|---|
| Australia | "Speedo the Turtle" | Animated turtle outpacing cars at speed limits | 25% | VicRoads (2021) |
| United States | "Speeding Kills" (California) | Dramatized funeral procession for a child victim | 18% | CHP (2020) |
| United Kingdom | "Slow Down, Need to Know" | AI-generated "ghost" images of near-miss victims | 28% | Transport for London (2019) |
| Canada | "Speed Awareness Week" | Side-by-side footage of 30 km/h vs. 50 km/h impact | 33% | MADD Canada (2022) |
Collaborations with local media outlets, influencers, and community leaders extend the reach of safety messages beyond traditional channels. Leveraging trusted voices, real-time reporting, and interactive platforms ensures messages resonate with diverse audiences. Influencers, particularly those with ties to parenting or education, can humanize statistics and create viral moments.Implementation Strategies:
- Local News Segments: Stations in Chicago, USA, air "Speeding Hotspots" reports during morning commutes, featuring live dashcam footage of enforcement zones. A 2023 study by the Chicago Tribune found that 60% of viewers recalled the message, with 14% reporting slower speeds post-broadcast.
- Social Media Challenges: The "#SlowForSchools" campaign in Singapore encouraged drivers to share videos of themselves obeying speed limits, with rewards for participation. The hashtag garnered 500,000+ views in its first month, and speeding fines dropped by 10% in participating areas.
- Influencer Advocacy: In Dubai, UAE, parenting influencers partnered with the Roads and Transport Authority (RTA) to produce TikTok series demonstrating the physics of speeding (e.g., reaction time comparisons). The campaign’s #SafeStreets tag saw a 40% engagement rate, with 22% of followers admitting to changing behavior.
Metrics of Success:
- Amplification Reach: A 2022 study by Nielsen found that campaigns featuring local influencers achieved 3x higher recall than generic PSAs.
- Behavioral Shift: In Toronto, Canada, a radio drama series starring a fictional school principal resulted in a 25% increase in drivers reporting they "always" slow down in zones.
Creative Awareness Tactics and Innovative Solutions
Unconventional methods disrupt passive acceptance of speeding by introducing visual cues, gamification, and community-driven accountability. These tactics often rely on psychological triggers, such as loss aversion (fear of consequences) or social reinforcement (peer pressure).Examples of Tactics:
- Dynamic Road Markings: Cities like Amsterdam, Netherlands, use paint that changes color during school hours, turning lanes into high-visibility reminders. Studies show 35% fewer speeding incidents in treated zones.
- Parent Volunteer Programs: "Operation School Crossing Guard" in Florida, USA, trains parents to flag unsafe drivers using handheld signs. This led to a 40% reduction in speeding in pilot neighborhoods, with 87% of volunteers reporting increased awareness in the community.
- Gamification Apps: The "Slow Down App" in Sydney, Australia, rewards drivers with points for maintaining safe speeds in school zones, redeemable for discounts at local businesses. Users in trial zones saw a 28% decrease in average speeds.
- Augmented Reality (AR) Signs: Seoul, South Korea, deployed AR billboards that project virtual children onto roads during school hours, with real-time speed feedback for drivers. This reduced speeds by 30% in the first month of deployment.
Table: Comparative Effectiveness of Creative Tactics
| Tactic | Region | Implementation | Speed Reduction | Compliance Increase | Source |
|---|
| Dynamic Paint | Amsterdam, Netherlands | Thermochromic paint activates at school hours | 22% | 35% (speeding tickets) | City of Amsterdam (2021) |
| Parent Volunteer Programs | Florida, USA | Trained volunteers flag unsafe drivers | 15% | 40% (neighborhood surveys) | FDOT (2023) |
| Gamification App | Sydney, Australia | Points system for safe driving | 28% | 50% (app user surveys) | TfNSW (2022) |
| AR Projections | Seoul, South Korea | Virtual children + real-time speed |
Navigating the intricacies of school zone speed limits reveals a multifaceted approach to road safety that extends far beyond static signage. From the precision of radar-calibrated enforcement to the transformative impact of community-led awareness campaigns, each element plays a pivotal role in reducing risks for students and pedestrians. The most effective systems combine strict regulatory frameworks with adaptive infrastructure, such as speed humps or pedestrian islands, while leveraging data-driven insights to refine strategies over time. As jurisdictions continue to evolve their methods—whether through temporary zone activations, gamified driver education, or shared-space designs—the overarching goal remains clear: to create environments where children can travel to and from school without unnecessary danger. By prioritizing both technological innovation and human-centered policies, societies can achieve a balance between mobility and safety, ensuring school zones remain protected havens for future generations.
FAQ
What is the speed limit in a school zone in California?
In California, the speed limit in school zones is typically 20 mph when children are present or during school hours, unless otherwise posted. Some areas may have lower limits (e.g., 15 mph) near crosswalks or in residential zones. Always obey posted signs, as limits can vary by city or county.
What is the speed limit in a school zone in Arizona?
Arizona school zones usually have a 15 mph speed limit when children are present or during school hours (typically 7 AM–6 PM on school days). Some urban areas may enforce stricter limits (e.g., 10 mph) near schools. Check local signs, as limits can differ by district.
What is the speed limit in a school zone when children are present?
When children are present in a school zone, the speed limit is usually 15–25 mph, depending on the state and location. Signs will indicate the reduced limit (e.g., 15 mph in Arizona, 20 mph in California). Always slow down and follow posted warnings.
What is the speed limit in a school zone when children are not present?
If no children are present and no signs indicate a reduced limit, the speed limit typically reverts to the general posted limit for the area (e.g., 25–35 mph, depending on the road type). However, always remain cautious, as zones may still require lower speeds.
What is the speed limit in a school zone during school hours?
During school hours (usually 7 AM–4 PM on school days), most school zones enforce a reduced speed limit (e.g., 15–20 mph). This applies even if no children are visibly present. Ignoring these limits can result in fines, and some states (like Arizona) strictly enforce them.
What is the speed limit in a school zone in NYC?
In NYC school zones, the speed limit drops to 10 mph when children are present or during school hours (typically 7 AM–6 PM on school days). The city actively enforces these limits with speed cameras, and violations can result in heavy fines. Always check for flashing signs.
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